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Throwback Thursday: Frequently Asked Questions about Apollo

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In celebration of the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11, we’ll be sharing answers to some frequently asked questions about the first time humans voyaged to the Moon. Answers have been compiled from archivists in the NASA History Office.

How many people worked on the Apollo program?

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At the height of Apollo in 1965, about 409,900 people worked on some aspect of the program, but that number doesn’t capture it all.

It doesn’t represent the people who worked on mission concepts or spacecraft design, such as the engineers who did the wind tunnel testing of the Apollo Command Module and then moved on to other projects. The number also doesn’t represent the NASA astronauts, mission controllers, remote communications personnel, etc. who would have transferred to the Apollo program only after the end of Gemini program (1966-1967). There were still others who worked on the program only part-time or served on temporary committees. In the image above are three technicians studying an Apollo 14 Moon rock in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory at Johnson Space Center. From left to right, they are Linda Tyler, Nancy Trent and Sandra Richards.

How many people have walked on the Moon so far?

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This artwork portrait done by spaceflight historian Ed Hengeveld depicts the 12 people who have walked on the Moon so far. In all, 24 people have flown to the Moon and three of them, John Young, Jim Lovell and Gene Cernan, have made the journey twice.  

But these numbers will increase.

Are the U.S. flags that were planted on the Moon still standing?

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Every successful Apollo lunar landing mission left a flag on the Moon but we don’t know yet whether all are still standing. Some flags were set up very close to the Lunar Module and were in the blast radius of its ascent engine, so it’s possible that some of them could have been knocked down. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin both reported that the flag had been knocked down following their ascent. 

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Our Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter took photographs of all the Apollo lunar landing sites. In the case of the Apollo 17 site, you can see the shadow of the upright flag.

But why does it look like it’s waving?

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The flags appear to “wave” or “flap” but actually they’re swinging. Swinging motions on Earth are dampened due to gravity and air resistance, but on the Moon any swinging motion can continue for much longer. Once the flags settled (and were clear of the ascent stage exhaust), they remained still. 

And how is the flag hanging? Before launching, workers on the ground had attached a horizontal rod to the top of each flag for support, allowing it to be visible in pictures and television broadcasts to the American public. Armstrong and Aldrin did not fully extend the rod once they were on the Moon, giving the flag a ripple effect. The other astronauts liked the ripple effect so much that they also did not completely extend the rod. 

Why don’t we see stars in any of the pictures?

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Have you ever taken a photo of the night sky with your phone or camera? You likely won’t see any stars because chances are your camera’s settings are set to short exposure time only lets it quickly take in the light off the bright objects closest to you. It’s the same reason you generally don’t see stars in spacewalk pictures from the International Space Station. There’s no use for longer exposure times to get an image like this one of Bruce McCandless in 1984 as seen Space Shuttle Challenger (STS-41B).

The Hasselblad cameras that Apollo astronauts flew with were almost always set to short exposure times. And why didn’t the astronauts photograph the stars? Well, they were busy exploring the Moon!

When are we going back to the Moon?

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The first giant leap was only the beginning. Work is under way to send the first woman and the next man to the Moon in five years. As we prepare to launch the next era of exploration, the new Artemis program is the first step in humanity’s presence on the the Moon and beyond.

Keep checking back for more answers to Apollo FAQs.

Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space: http://nasa.tumblr.com

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Anonymous asked:

Mam do you have fic recs?

forineffablereasons answered:

so most of the fic I’ve read I read before the show came out so I’m not up to date on what’s been new much since then, but here is a nonexhaustive list of some of the ones I enjoyed, in no particular order:

Stars Above You, by Demmora

“We can run away together,” he’d said, “Alpha Centauri, lots of space up there, no one would even notice us…”

good for the soul, by singingtomysoul

Aziraphale doesn’t feel guilty, for once, but has some things to confess.

Crowley doesn’t think he has guilt, and doesn’t plan to confess anything. On both counts, he’s wrong.

A Sudden Flight of Birds, by the_moonmoth

“You know,” Crowley said conversationally, “abject terror is really quite exhausting.”

Any Other Name, by mostlyanything19

What if Aziraphale’s name was originally “Aziraphael”, in keeping with the conventional spelling and pronunciation of other angel names, but because of its divine nature, Crowley is physically unable to say it out loud.

Morning Has Broken, by DwarvenBeardSpores

The year is 1972 and the last surviving member of Aziraphale’s gentleman’s club has passed away.

Monday, Half Past Four, by TruckThat

Crowley decides that almost any course of action is justified if it manages to distract him from the fact that it’s been nearly two days and so far nothing else is going wrong.

Ars Gratia Artis, by fahye

Colour fades from the world around them, and when Crowley pushes open the door of the bookshop Aziraphale is sitting in front of a fire drawing with black, black ink.

get religion quick (’cause you’re looking divine), by brinnzana

So it was fine. Even if Crowley couldn’t love him, he clearly liked him well enough, and that was almost the same thing.

It no doubt would have continued to be fine, or at least fine-adjacent, were it not for a narrowly averted apocalypse and several bottles of a really quite nice Riesling Aziraphale had found in the back room of his newly restored bookshop.

every angel is terrifying, by punkfaery

“Why does it bother you?” Crowley asked. “Even if you can’t get to them in time to wipe their memories, it’s not like anyone’d believe them. Kid goes running to her mum saying Ooh, I’ve just seen a bloke with three heads and a sixteen-foot wingspan, what do you think’s going to happen? Chances are they’ll just pat her on the shoulder and tell her what a vivid imagination she’s got.”

“That’s not what worries me,” said Aziraphale.

this is the way the world ends, by lvslie

Crowley looked like something one would like to soften with a sponge and possibly ask to calm down: all pointy angles and something in the way of agitation contained in the crooks and sinews. He looked laid-back, but in the sense that he’d been laid on a flaring surface of teething anxiety that prodded him to jump up occasionally. He looked a little bit of perpetually lost, and mildly like someone who would choose to sleep through a century just to shy away from having to continuously exist. 

No, Crowley didn’t look like that, especially not at first glance, but that was exactly what Aziraphale could see in him anyway.

it’s the light (it’s the obstacle that casts it), by Handful_of_Silence

The Patron Saint of London’s LGBT Community is real, and he lives in Soho. 

and, so on, by PaintedVanilla

“Crowley, what… what do you remember about Heaven?”

Anthophilia, by FortinbrasFTW

Anthony J. Crowley’s life seems like it’s finally falling into place: his floral shop has begun to gain an undercurrent of appreciation in the design elite of London, and he might have even finally found a boyfriend who looks just right lounging on his Tenreiro sofa. Things seem almost perfect, until one day the empty shop across the street is leased to frumpy fellow Oxford alumni, who doesn’t seem to remember Crowley nearly as well as he remembers him, which really shouldn’t bother him as much as it does - it was ten years ago after all, and it wasn’t even that good of a kiss.

and one from yours truly because I’m writing this list and I can:

listen (he’s already told you five times), by darcylindbergh

Not everything Crowley says is said out loud. Aziraphale doesn’t always hear him at first, but he’s learning to stop being surprised.