No, said Aziraphale, it's ineffable.

Pronunciation

welshword

Consonants:

Consonants in Welsh can only make one unique sound, as opposed to English which can make several sounds per consonant. For example, the c can make a k sound as in cat or a s sound as in city. When you learn the sound a consonant makes in Welsh, it will only ever make that sound you learn.

Consonant sounds same in English and Welsh:

These consonants look the same in English and Welsh, and sound the same.

· b /b/ Like b in boy. Welsh example: bachgen (English: boy)

· c /k/ Like c in cat. Welsh example: cath (English cat)

· d /d/ Like d in dog. Welsh example: drwg (English bad)

· g /g/ Like g in gun. Welsh example: gardd (English garden)

· h /h/ Like h in happy. Welsh example: hen (English old)

· l /l/ Like l in lake. Welsh example: calon (English heart)

· m /m/ Like m in mad. Welsh example: mam (English mother)

· n /n/ Like n in none. Welsh example: nain (English grandmother)

· ng /ŋ/ Like the end of the English word sing. In Welsh, this letter can come at the front of a word. In Welsh, it is never pronounced with a hard g, as in the English finger. Welsh example: angau (English death)

· p /p/ Like p in poker. Welsh example: pen (English head)

· s /s/ Like s in sad. Welsh example: sebon (English soap)

· t /t/ Like t in tar. Welsh example: tŷ (English house)

· th /θ/ Like th in think. Welsh example: methu (English fail)

· si is pronounced as in English sheep, when it comes before a vowel.

Consonant sounds in English, Different letter in Welsh:

These sounds are found in English, but they are assigned to a different letter in Welsh. Train yourself to read them differently now.

· f /v/ Like v in violin. Welsh example: gafr (English goat)

· ff /f/ Like f in friend. Welsh example: ffrind (English friend)

· dd /ð/ Like th in then. Welsh example: hardd (English beautiful)

Consonant sounds in English, Not in Welsh:

These sounds are in English, but you will not hear them in Welsh.

· The c in Welsh only makes a hard /k/ sound. It will never sound like an s, such as in the English city.

· The g only makes a /g/ sound. It will never sound like an English g, like in the English gender.

· The th in Welsh represents the th in English think. The dd represents the other th in English, like the word then.

· There is no z sound in Welsh.

Consonant sounds only in Welsh:

These consonant sounds may be new to you.

· ch /x/ Like the Scottish loch or German composer Bach. Welsh example: chwech (English six)

· ll /ɬ/ The ll is a hard Welsh sound to make. It is best described as putting your tongue in the position of l and then blowing out air gently. Like saying a h and l simultaneously, but with more puff. Welsh example: llyn (English lake)

· r /r/ The Welsh r should always be trilled. Welsh example: ar (English on)

· rh /r̥/ The Welsh rh should be trilled with aspiration. Like saying a h and r simultaneously, but with more puff. Welsh example: rhan (English part)

Vowels:

There are seven vowels in Welsh. Most vowels can be two different sounds. The y can take three different sounds.

· a

· e

· i

· o

· u

· w

· y

Short Vowels:

· a /a/ Like a in pat.

· e /ɛ/ Like e in pet.

· i /ɪ/ Like i in pit.

· o /ɔ/ Like o in pot

· u /ɪ/ Like i in pit.

· w /ʊ/ As in book.

· y /ə/ Like uh in above

The rules governing the letter Y are some of the most confusing in Welsh. Normally it’s pronounced like the u in cut, but in the last syllable of a word it represents the sound like the i in bit. Note; This includes words with only one syllable, such as llyn (hlin).

Similar rules apply for combinations of y with another letter;

· yr is (approximately) pronounced like English burn, except in the last syllable of a word, where it is said like in English beer. (Both times, the r is audible, not dropped. See the preceding rule.)

· yw is pronounced like English moan, except in the last syllable of a word, where it is said like the Welsh iw and uw (see below).

That just leaves the exceptions. The small words, y, yr and yn are pronounced uh, urr and un.

Dipthongs:

· ae, ai and au /aɪ/- like English sky. (Actually, there is an exception for the last one. “au” is the plural ending for certain words, e.g. creigiau. In these cases, its pronunciation is shortened to a “hanging A”

· aw /aʊ/ - like English cow.

· oe (and oi and ou, which are rare) /ɔɪ/ - like English boy.

· ei and eu and ey /əɪ/ - like nothing in English; try ‘uh-ee’ and then running the vowels together.

When you see a vowel followed by an R, or a diphthong followed by an R, both the vowel and the R are pronounced; this differs from many dialects of English. The following sounds are therefore approximate, and you should make sure to pronounce the R.

· aer, air and aur - like English fire.

· awr - like English hour.

· er - like English bare, but shorter.

· ir or ur (or yr in the last syllable of a word) - like English beer.

· wr - like English poor.

Long Vowels:

· a /ɑː/ Like a in father.

· e /ɛː/ Like ae in aeroplane, but without any trace of an r, or a y sound between the a and the e.

· i /iː/ Like i in machine.

· o /ɔː/ Like aw in hawk.

· w /uː/ Like oo in pool.

· u and y take the same values as i does.

· A vowel is short if it comes in a word with more than one syllable.

So all these rules only come into play when we’re talking about one-syllable words.

· A vowel is short if it’s followed by two consonants, if the first of the two is n or r.

· A vowel is short if it’s in a word of one syllable and the consonant following it is any of the following; p, t, c, m, ng

· If the vowel is a, e, o, w or y and it’s followed by l, n or r then it is also short.

· This leaves the following options for when the vowel is long; in a word of one syllable; followed by two consonants the first of which is ll or s; either followed by no consonants, or followed by b, ch, d, dd, f, ff, g, s or th, or (if it happens to be i or u) followed by l, n or r.

A circumflex accent (the hat sign) is placed over a vowel to indicate that it’s long when you might otherwise think it was short.

montereybayaquarium

Question: Why do comb jellies have rainbows?

Answer: An extravagant hair-do!

Comb jellies—also known as ctenophores, or “comb bearers”—swim with eight pulsating rows of hair-like cilia. Fused at their bases like the teeth of a comb, successive plates of cilia beat from mouth to rear to propel the animal through the water.

Humans also have beating cilia—our lungs are cleared of mucus and dirt by these biological shag rugs, for example. But comb jellies have the largest cilia of any organism and are the the largest animals to use these little paddles to move about.

So fine are the cilia that, as white light passes over the comb rows, the hairs block and drag and warp the light beam. As the light peels around the cilia—like an ocean wave wrapping around a rocky point—different colors are bent into view along the comb row. So why do comb jellies have rainbows? Our exhibit lights are being diffracted into their composite colors!

In the wild, comb jellies don’t display the same striking rainbows without strong sunlight or a large camera strobe. However, most comb jellies do produce their own faint light—bioluminescence—visible at night when the lights are off. Brilliant!

We hope you enjoyed this light reading and weren’t too diffracted from your work. Don’t hesitate to comb over here to check these jellies out for yourself!

skunkbear

So cool!

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