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biomedicool

Female Endocrinology - overview

biomedicool

General endocrinology info:

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  • Autocrine - affects same cell
  • Paracrine - affects a nearby cell
  • Endocrine - affects elsewhere in the body (secreted by glands into the bloodstream)
  • Exocrine - secreted by glands into the external environment (eg sweat, saliva)

Steroid hormones

  • Oestrogen
  • Progesterone 
  • Testosterone
  • Cortisol

Non-steroid hormones

  • Glycoproteins (LH, FSH, TSH, hCG)
  • Proteins (GH, prolactin, others include insulin, PTH)
  • Peptides (oxytocin, gonadotropin releasing hormone)
  • Amino acid derivatives (triiodothyronine, thyroxine (T4), adrenalin)

Anterior pituitary secretes LH and FSH (gonadotropins)

Menstrual Cycle

Follicular phase

  • prepares follicles for ovulation
  • uses LH, FSH, oestrogen
  • FSH (from ant. pituitary) stimulates growth and maturation of several primary follicles
  • each produce oestrogen which helps regenerate/prepare endometrium 
  • one follicle eventually becomes dominant and the others degenerate (~day 7)

Preovulation

  • Graafian follicle sends a surge of OES through bloodstream
  • resulting LH surge prompts next stage - ovulation (~day 14)

Ovulation

  • follicle does not enter fallopian tubes
  • ovum erupts from follicle 
  • fimbrae sweep up ovum, muscular contractions help guide it down the tube

Luteal phase

  • following ovulation cells of the ruptured follicle enlarge and form the corpus luteum
  • corpus luteum produces progesterone, growing for 7-8 days. if no fertilization, growth stops and progesterone slows 
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Outcome 1: Fertilization 

  • Egg lives for 12-24 hours
  • takes 5 days to reach uterus (fertilization must occur in uterine tube)
  • endometrial development continues with progesterone production
  • formation of placenta after implantation from trophoblast - it will take over progesterone production and signal corpus luteum to degenerate into corpus albicans

Outcome 2: No fertilization 

  • no blastocyst means no hCG to ovary
  • corpus luteum stops action, degenerates
  • drop in progesterone causes constriction of endometrial arterioles - leads to endometrial ischemia
  • causes spongy endrometrial tissue to slough off - menstrual bleed

summary:

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