I read the Murderbot diaries and was immediately moved to draw gross cyborg gunk again
The proper way to do a TV-MA rating.
「no place is safe」
I may have some important information for my Tokyo friends soon, so stay tuned!
The “Double-Barrel” IO: Can It Work?
Intraosseous lines (IO) make life easy. They are quicker to insert, have a higher success rate, and require less experience than a standard IV. And they can be used for pretty much any solution or drug that can be given through an IV.
But there are some limitations. They can’t be inserted into a fractured bone. The manufacturer cautions against multiple insertions into the same bone. A second insertion should not be performed in the same bone within 48 hours.
But, as with so many things in medicine, there is little in the way of proof for these assertions. They seem like good ideas for precautions, but that does not mean they are correct. No real research has been done in this area. Until now.
The concept of using two IO needles in one bone was explored in an animal model by researchers in Canada. They used a swine model (using the foreleg/humerus, to be exact), and tested several infusion setups.
Here are the factoids:
- Infusing crystalloid using an infusion pump set to 999ml/hr took 30 minutes with a single IO, and 15 minutes with a “double-barrel” setup
- Giving crystalloid using a pressure bag set at 300 mm/Hg took 24 minutes with a single IO, and 23 minutes with double the fun
- The double-barrel setup also worked for a blood/drug combo. 250cc of blood and 1 gm of TXA in 100ml of saline infused via pump in 13 minutes.
- Simultaneous anesthesia drugs (ketamine infusion in IO #1, fentanyl and rocuronium bolus in IO #2) without problems
- Multiple fluid + drug infusion combinations were tested without incident
- There were no needle dislodgements, soft tissue injuries, fractures, or macrohistologic damage to the bone or periosteum
Bottom line: Remember, these are pigs. Don’t do this in humans yet. However, this is pretty compelling evidence that the double-barrel IO concept will work in people. And it appears that infusion pumps must be used for effective, fast infusions. I recommend that prehospital agencies with inquiring minds set up a study in people to prove that this works in us, too.
Related posts:
Reference: Double-barrelled resuscitation: A feasibility and simulation study of dual-intraosseous needles into a single humerus. Injury 46(11):2239-42, 2015.
Anonymous asked:
Are the animals that inhabit whale falls restricted to feeding and living on whale carcasses or will they also use the carcasses of other large animals like mola mola or large sharks?
biologizeable answered:
In order to answer this question in all its complexity, I must first explain the three major stages of a whale fall community, as there are absolute boatloads of species that take advantage of them. And as with all good science, everybody and their dog is publishing papers arguing furiously on which species are where, for how long, and if they can be found anywhere else.
SO LET’S GET RIGHT TO IT THEN
The first stage of a whale fall is likely exactly what you’d expect - the mobile scavenger stage; hagfish, sharks, crustaceans, etc. Species that cruise around the hadal depths of the ocean looking for dead stuff that they can eat and/or expel horrifying amounts of deadly mucus onto (looking at you, mixinids). Whatever you’re in to, really.
There is zero contention on if these dudes have been found on other large cases of food falls - they’ve been documented on other falls such as on mobulid rays, whale sharks, Mola mola, etc. They eat the good meaty stuff, so any animal body that falls to the bottom of the ocean will quickly and easily be “colonized” by these dudes. It’s hypothesized that they can actually hear the sound of a large body hitting the sea floor up to several hundred metres away, (on top of the more normal “death smell coming from over here”) which is just about the most terrifying/amazing thing I’ve heard all day.
The second stage is the enrichment opportunist stage; Osedax and other polychaete worms, gastropods, more crustaceans - a more “sessile” stage of organisms coming to chow down on what’s left. These are the species that take advantage of the bones and all the delicious, delicious particles that melted off the skeleton and into the surrounding sand. Delightful
Now, this is the stage that is mostly up for contention - Osedax, after all, needs bone to colonize. Sharks and rays have cartilage, not bone, and fish, of course, have much flimsier skeletons than mammals. Osedax have been shown to colonize cow bones sunk for Science™, so they obviously aren’t specialists on only marine mammals, but examples of ray, shark, and fish falls have shown no sign of the extensive and typical second stage whale fall communities.
The third and final stage of a whale fall is the sulphophilic stage; Osedax is even more abundant, there are loads of anaerobic bacterial mats, crustaceans, and mollusks - the whole shebang. This stage has so much anaerobic, anoxic, and sulphuric action going on that it actually closely resembles the community that surrounds hydrothermal vents, which is actually quite ridiculous.
Mobulid ray carcasses have shown signs of similar bacterial mats, but it’s not quite enough to definitively say “this is a typical whale fall community”. Again, no other signs of this stage have been found on smaller, non-mammalian carcasses.
It could just be that since the second stage takes up to two years to form fully, and the third stage is at around 10, that with non-mammalian food falls there just isn’t enough there to support the entire complex community - or that the mobile predators take care of a smaller carcass before it can be colonized by further stages. It’s a got dan mystery, like basically everything else in the ocean that isn’t a Daphnia.
So as with all of my long-ass answers here, enjoy this explanation that likely did nothing but clarify points you didn’t actually want to know, and further muddy the ones you did. You’re welcome.
BONUS: A super gorgeous video showing the whole process. Look at it. Wow
[[SOURCES YO]]
The Count Lucanor
by Baroque Decay
This must be one of the most unusual games I’ve played in a while. Not in terms of mechanics since it plays as a traditional puzzle action adventure (alike Courier of the Crypts), but the story gets twisted faster than you can finish the first chapter.
I’m only 45min into the game and all I will say is that the cute pixel art style is a deception at the highest level. I wouldn’t play this with your kids, no matter how gorgeous the anime-style animations are. For adults though, the game has very positive reviews.
If you feel adventurous, you can buy The Count Lucanor on Steam for $10.
1962 republic of andolucia manual on demonic constructs
Gosh yes, this is perfection.
chequerootlurks
